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Concentrations of Metals in Aquatic Invertebrates from the Ozark National
Scenic Riverways, Missouri
-
- This study was conducted as a pilot for part of a park-wide monitoring
program being developed for the Ozark National Scenic Riverways (ONSR)
of southeastern Missouri. The objective was to evaluate using crayfish
(Orconectes spp.) and Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea)
for monitoring concentrations of metals associated with lead-zinc mining.
Lead-zinc mining presently (2007) occurs near the ONSR and additional
mining has been proposed. Three composite samples of each type (crayfish
and Asian clam), each comprising ten animals of approximately the same
size, were collected during late summer and early fall of 2005 from
five sites on the Current River and Jacks Fork within the ONSR and from
one site on the Eleven Point River and the Big River, which are outside
the ONSR. The Big River has been contaminated by mine tailings from
historical leadzinc mining. Samples were analyzed by inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry for lead, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel
concentrations. All five metals were detected in all samples; concentrations
were greatest in samples of both types from the Big River, and lowest
in samples from sites within the ONSR. Concentrations of zinc and cadmium
typically were greater in Asian clams than in crayfish, but differences
were less evident for the other metals. In addition, differences among
sites were small for cobalt in Asian clams and for zinc in crayfish,
indicating that these metals are internally regulated to some extent.
Consequently, both sample types are recommended for monitoring. Concentrations
of metals in crayfish and Asian clams were consistent with those reported
by other studies and programs that sampled streams in southeast Missouri.
Evaluation of Contaminant Risks to the Endangered Tumbling Creek Cavesnail
 
The Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri) is restricted to a single cave stream in Taney County, Missouri. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service classified this species as Endangered in 2002, based on recent population surveys that documented recent sharp decreases in its population. Potential causes for this decline include sedimentation and/or deterioration of water quality due to human activities in the recharge area of the cave stream. Along with remedial efforts in the surface watershed, USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center scientists have investigated factors that may limit recovery of cavesnail populations. Instrumentation has been installed to monitor water quality in the stream, and passive sampling devices have been deployed to determine concentrations of organic contaminants. Chemical analysis of metals and persistent organic contaminants in sediments from cavesnail habitat did not identify elevated contaminant levels, and laboratory toxicity tests with these sediments did not show evidence of toxicity. Ongoing studies are evaluating the suitability of culture apparatus, diets, and water for in-situ propagation of cavesnails to enhance the depleted population.
Contact: John Besser
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Mapping Vegetation Communities in Ozark National Scenic Riverways
Vegetation communities were mapped at two levels in Ozark National
Scenic Riverways (ONSR) using a hybrid combination of statistical methods
and photointerpretation. The primary map includes 49 cover classes,
including 24 classes that relate to vegetation associations currently
described by the United States National Vegetation Classification Standard.
Important additional products include 1) a general probability map for
all vegetation associations, and 2) individual probability maps for
each association. A field key and photo guide to assocations and complete
community descriptions were produced, along with a photo guide of fuel
conditions.
Contact: Matthew Struckhoff
Phone: 573-441-2781
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Ozarks Stream Geomorphology
Project
 This project was a multidisciplinary study to determine cause-and-effect links between
historical land-use changes, climatic shifts, and the quality and stability
of stream habitat in the Ozarks. During the last 100 years, stream channels
in the Ozarks have become wider and shallower and deepwater fish habitat
has been lost. Recreational fishing and ecosystem preservation are important
to the economy of the Ozarks, and degradation of aquatic habitat is
of concern to Federal, State, and local land managers. This technical document describes a method for mapping stream habitats with hydraulic models.
Also included in this project were studies on Tributary Land Use and
Aquatic Habitat Quality, Buffalo National River and Ozark National Scenic
Riverways and an Assessment of Physical Stream Habitat, Bear Creek, Arkansas.-
Passive sampling of organic contaminants in karst groundwater systems inhabited by endangered Ozark cavefish
We conducted a study to describe groundwater chemical concentrations in sites inhabited by the Ozark cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae). Purposes of the study included characterizing baseline conditions and identifying potential threats to water quality to enhance conservation of the species and these unique systems, and demonstrating a novel application of passive sampling devices.
The systems selected for study included six karst groundwater systems in southwest Missouri. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were used for the determination of concentrations of trace organic contaminants.
In total, 66 of the 148 targeted chemicals (45%) were detected in at least one site. Few chemicals related to wastewater effluents were detected suggesting little to no impact to these groundwater streams from municipal treatment facilities. Although the individual, acute concentrations of chemicals detected were low, the potential impact on sensitive species such as the Ozark cavefish from exposure to these chemicals is not known. Chronic cumulative and interactive effects from exposure to the chemicals detected may also threaten troglobitic aquatic organisms that are generally long-lived with low metabolic rates.
Contact: David Alvarez
- Land Cover Trends
in the Ozark Region
-
-
 The
Land Cover Trends project is using a consistent, statistically reliable
method for quantifying, analyzing, and understanding the character of
land use and land cover change. Our contributions for the examination
of thirty years of land cover change within each of 84 ecoregions of
the conterminous United States will ultimately contribute to a national
synthesis of change. Understanding the changes over previous time
periods will lead to an understanding of future costs of landscape change.
-
-
Scientists in the Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center are supporting
this national scale project by focusing on three ecoregions: the Interior
River Lowlands (southern Illinois, southwester Indiana, northwestern
Kentucky, and southeastern Missouri), the Boston Mountains (northwestern
Arkansas), and the Ozark Highlands (southern Missouri and northern Arkansas).
Our study will provide temporal land cover data from five time intervals
between 1973 and 2000, field observations, and an examination of the
influences directing the changes reflected in these unique ecoregions.
Our investigation will provide an assessment of the changes occurring
over this interval and the potential consequences of future activities
in this geographic region.
Contact: David Shaver
Phone: 573-308-3866
- Ozarks Karst - Science on the Landscape
-
- The objective of this project is to use surface form, surface features, and selected biological, hydrological, and geological characteristics of the landscape to develop a probabilistic model for identifying the major factors that determine the occurrence of sinkholes in the Ozarks. The locations of Ozark springs and caves are well documented. The locations of larger and better known springs and caves are typically symbolized and labeled on topographic maps. The locations of smaller or lesser known features can be found in digital and tabular inventories maintained by a variety of federal, state, and local agencies and organizations. The locations of sinkholes are not as well documented as attempts to map and document sinkholes have been only partially successful due to their size, lack of surface expression, or geographic isolation.
Accurately identifying the location of sinkholes is critical to ensuring a more complete understanding of the hydrology of karst landscapes, and to anticipating the consequences of contaminants being introduced into the system. More importantly, knowing the factors that contribute to sinkhole formation and the ability to predict where sinkholes are likely to exist or suddenly occur is important to understand fully the effects of various planned or preexisting land use activities on the quality of surface and subsurface water in the Ozarks, and to mitigate the threat associated with the catastrophic collapse of a sinkhole in an urban area.
Contact: Jeff Spooner
Phone: 573-308-3526
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Land Cover and Water Quality in the Boston Mountains, Arkansas
-
-
 Preliminary
analysis of water quality data from the Boston Mountains ecoregion indicates
a decrease in water quality trending from east to west. This roughly
parallels regional development patterns. Specifically, the northwest
part of the coregion has experienced declines in forest cover that have
been replaced by urban expansion and increases in agricultural activity.
Previous research has shown that increases in nitrate concentrations
can be correlated with conversion of forest to these other uses. This
project is analyzing multi-decadal data from the Land Cover Trends project
with nitrate data from wells and springs to assess whether land conversions
have had an impact on water quality.
Contact: Gary Krizanich
Phone: 573-308-3546
- Occurrence of Karst
and Karst Related Hazards
-
 Catastrophic sinkhole collapse and vulnerable aquifers are two common
hazards encountered in karst terrain. Quantifying the risk associated
with these hazards is dependent on identifying and describing occurrences
of karst development. Scientists in the Mid-Continent Geographic
Science Center are using the distribution of sinkholes, caves, losing
streams, springs, well logs, and high resolution elevation data to determine
the factors that indicate karst development. When combined with
biological and hydrological data, these geospatial datasets will aid
in determining vulnerabilities in karst regions. This information
will provide resource managers with data necessary to implement best
management practices.
Contact: Jim Kaufmann
Phone: 573-308-3882
- Table Rock Lake
Eutrophication Study
-
- Increases in nutrient input to Table Rock Lake have resulted in
declining water quality. Suspected nutrient sources are from municipal
wastewater effluent, on-site wastewater treatment systems and agricultural
activities in the watershed. Declining water quality has manifested
itself through decreasing water clarity and severe algal blooms. Water
quality has a significant impact on tourism, a major contributor to
the regional economy. The objective of this project is to use remote
sensing techniques to monitor chlorophyll a concentrations
over time. Chlorophyll a is a surrogate indicator for phytoplankton
production. Identifying areas with high chlorophyll a concentrations
may help to identify potential areas of nutrient sources.
Contact: Gary Krizanich
- Clearwater Lake Sediment
Study
-
- Missouri has a long history as a major United States and world producer
of lead ore. Possibly the most famous of these ore deposits is the New
Lead Belt or Viburnum Trend of southeast Missouri. The Viburnum Trend
has been developed largely within the Mark Twain National Forest, some
of the most pristine lands found anywhere in the state. Land managers
charged with administering programs on federal lands continue to have
concerns about the long-term environmental effects of lead mining and
related activities in the region.
- The purpose of this investigation is to characterize the spatial
and temporal distribution and concentration of trace metals in sediments
of Clearwater Lake. Understanding how trace metals are released to and
transported in an aquatic environment is important to the overall understanding
of the impacts of mining on the natural environment.
- Preliminary results indicate that the sediments in Clearwater Lake
act as a sink for mining related trace elements and that the source
of these trace elements can be identified through isotopic "fingerprinting".
Temporal trends in the concentration of lead and zinc show relatively
little change in the subbasin where no mining has taken place and increasing
concentrations in the subbasins where active mining occurs. Analysis
of pre- and post-mining concentrations in deep lacustrine sediments
shows a doubling of the lead concentration and a nearly fifty percent
increase in zinc concentration following the development of mines along
the Viburnum Trend. All of the Pb-Zn concentrations however, remain
well below the probable effects concentration derived from consensus-based
sediment quality guidelines.
- This information will be used to assess the potential impact of
proposed mining operations in other parts of the Viburnum Trend. The
overall benefit is to better understand the impact of long-term mining
activities on the environment of the Missouri Ozarks. Results of this
work will be used by Federal Land Managers to assess requests for additional
mining permits in the Viburnum Trend.
Contact: Gary Krizanich
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Geologic Mapping Studies at Buffalo National River, Northern Arkansas
Detailed geologic mapping is being conducted by the U.S. Geological
Survey in and adjacent to the Buffalo National River, a park administered
by the National Park Service, to better understand and characterize
the natural resources and associated ecosystems of this area within
the Ozark Plateau region. General-purpose geologic maps are created
to provide a framework for a host of natural resource, natural history,
and public education uses. More information...
- Ozarks Mineral Deposits Workgroup
-
- The purpose of our workgroup was to provide scientific information
on the economic and environmental characteristics of Ozark-region mineral
deposits. Most of our investigations were centered on the world class
lead-zinc ore deposits of the Ozarks region. These deposits are commonly
known as Mississippi Valley Type (MVT)
ore deposits.
-
Geohydrological and Biological Investigations Associated with Lead Lead-Zinc
Exploration and Mining in Southeastern Missouri
-
- In response to diminishing economic ore reserves in the Viburnum
Trend, exploration for new sources of lead-zinc ore began in an area
south of Winona, Missouri, and north of the Eleven Point River. Much
of the exploration drilling is in the
Mark Twain National
Forest, which is managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service (FS) and U.S. Department
of Interior, Bureau of Land Management
(BLM).
- The exploration area is within a region highly valued for its scenic
beauty and recreational opportunities, including two federally designated
scenic rivers that are visited annually by more than 2 million people:
the Ozark National Scenic Riverways
(ONSR) administered by the National
Park Service (NPS); and the Eleven Point National Scenic River (EPNSR)
administered by the FS.
-
-
National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) - Ozark Plateaus Study
Unit
-
- The long-term goals of this program are to describe the status and
trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's
surface- and ground-water resources, and to provide a sound, scientific
understanding of the primary factors affecting the quality of these
resources.
-
-
Ozark Aquifer Study
-
- The Ozark Aquifer is an important water supply source for cities, rural water districts, agriculture, and industry in southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri, and northeast Oklahoma. Water supply wells in some areas of the Ozark aquifer have experienced water level declines in recent years. With a growing demand for water within the region, concerns about future water availability prompted by water-level declines and water-quality degradation, mostly in Kansas, have created a need to better understand this valuable resource in order to better address its long-term management.
-
-
Lead Mining Studies in the Ozarks
-
 - In response to diminishing economic ore reserves in the Viburnum
Trend, exploration for new sources of lead-zinc ore began in an area
south of Winona, Missouri, and north of the Eleven Point River. Much
of the exploration drilling is in the Mark Twain National Forest, which
is managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (FS)
and U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
-
The exploration area is within a region highly
valued for its scenic beauty and recreational opportunities, including
two federally designated scenic rivers that are visited annually by
more than 2 million people: the Ozark National Scenic Riverways (ONSR)
administered by the National Park Service (NPS); and the Eleven Point
National Scenic River (EPNSR) administered by the FS.
-
Because of the many environmental concerns associated
with potential lead-zinc mining in the new exploration area, the FS,
BLM, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have supported several investigations
since 1988 designed to quantify background physical and chemical characteristics
of ground, surface, and spring water and sediment; assess aquifer and
confining unit hydraulic properties; study background concentrations
of trace elements in aquatic biota; and provide geological mapping to
establish a geohydrologic framework in the exploration area. Additional
financial support has been provided by the U.S. Congress since 2000
to conduct more thorough investigations of the potential effects of
mining on the environment of the exploration area, and the effect of
current mining and mining-related activities on the environment in the
Viburnum Trend area. Completed studies examined geologic setting, geohydrology,
ground-water levels and quality, surface-water quantity and quality,
streambed sediment, biologic assessments and toxicity studies, and studies
of spring recharge areas and water quality.
-
Contact: Mike Kleeschulte
Phone: 573.308.3667
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Assessment of Possible Sources of Microbiological Contamination in the
Water Column and Streambed Sediment of the Jacks Fork, Ozark National
Scenic Riverways, Missouri
-
-
 The
Ozark National Scenic Riverways (ONSR), the Nation’s first federally
protected riverway, was created by an Act of Congress on August 27,
1964, for “the purposes of conserving and interpreting unique scenic
and other natural values and objects of historic interest, including
preservation of parts of the Current River and the Jacks Fork in Missouri
as free-flowing streams, preservation of springs and caves, management
of wildlife, and provisions for use and enjoyment of the outdoor recreation
resources thereof by the people of the United States” (Public Law 88-492).
-
The intense recreational use of the Jacks Fork
has caused concerns regarding the effects that this use might be having
on the river. A river use management plan prepared by the National Park
Service (NPS) (Sullivan and others, 1989) states that the increasing
popularity of the recreational area has created concerns associated
with greater competition for the use of a finite resource base. Also,
because of inappropriate or intensive use, resource damage has increased
in some areas. Concerns include crowding and increased conflicts between
river users, the need to improve and provide more sanitation facilities,
the proliferation of litter, congestion at river accesses and campgrounds,
and balancing the need to protect water quality with the recreational
needs of the public.
-
In 1998, a 5 river-mile reach of the Jacks Fork
was included on Missouri’s list of impaired waters as required by Section
303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act. The identified pollutant on the
Jacks Fork was fecal coliform bacteria. The length of the impaired reach
was changed to 7 miles on the Missouri 2002 303(d) list because of data
indicating the fecal coliform bacteria problem existed over a broader
area.
-
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with
the National Park Service, conducted a study to better understand the
extent and sources of microbiological contamination within the Jacks
Fork from Alley Spring to the mouth, which includes the 7-mile 303(d)
reach. The study was completed in 2006. Ten sites were sampled from
June 2003 through October 2003 and from June 2004 through October 2004.
Water-column and streambed sediment samples were collected from main-stem
and tributary sites mostly during base-flow conditions during a variety
of recreational season river uses and analyzed for fecal coliform and
Escherichia coli bacteria. Isolates of Escherichia coli obtained from
water samples collected at five sites were submitted for rep-PCR analysis
to identify presumptive sources of fecal indicator bacteria in the Jacks
Fork. Results indicate that recreational users (including boaters and
swimmers) are not the primary source of fecal coliform bacteria in the
Jacks Fork; rather, the presence of fecal coliform bacteria is associated
with other animals, of which horses are the primary source. Increases
in fecal coliform bacteria densities in the Jacks Fork are associated
with cross-country horseback trail-riding events.
-
Contact: Jerri Davis
Phone: 573.308.3667
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Geohydrologic Investigations and Landscape Characteristics of Areas
Contributing Water to Springs, the Current River, and Jacks Fork, Ozark
National Scenic Riverways, Missouri
-
 - The Ozark National Scenic Riverways (ONSR) is a narrow corridor
that stretches for approximately 134 mi (miles) along the Current River
and Jacks Fork in southern Missouri. Most of the water flowing in the
Current River and Jacks Fork is discharged to the rivers from springs
within the ONSR, and most of the recharge area of these springs is outside
the ONSR. The karst terrain of the study area is characterized by many
sinkholes, caves, losing streams and springs, including Big Spring,
the largest spring in Missouri with an average discharge of 445 ft3/s
(cubic feet per second).
-
An understanding of the hydrology outside the ONSR,
therefore, is important to manage the water resources of the ONSR. Certain
landscape characteristics are important because they affect how precipitation
falling on the land surface moves from areas outside the park to the
park. These characteristics vary throughout the area contributing water
to the ONSR, and knowledge of this variation allows for a better understanding
of where, for example, precipitation is likely to recharge the ground-water
system and later discharge at springs along the ONSR.
-
This investigation is being conducted with the
National Park Service and will be completed in fall 2008. A USGS Scientific
Investigations Report is in preparation that describes hydrologic investigations
and landscape characteristics of areas contributing water to springs
and the Current River and Jacks Fork in the ONSR. The hydrologic investigations
are both a compilation of existing information and the addition of new
information. A potentiometric-surface map is presented that combines
newly-acquired and interpreted data in the northern part of the study
area with a previously published potentiometric map in the southern
part of the study area. Data for a low-flow seepage run of the Current
River, Jacks Fork and Sinking Creek conducted for this investigation
are presented, as well as the results of a temperature profile of the
Current River conducted at the same time to detect inflow of spring
water in the stream bed. Spring discharge data are presented and spring
recharge areas are compiled from previously published studies, with
slight modification based on the newly-interpreted potentiometric surface.
The results of previously conducted dye traces and two new dye tracer
tests for this investigation are shown, upon which the spring recharge
areas are estimated. A series of maps at locations along the Current
River and Jacks Fork show the surface-water and ground-water basins
and spring recharge areas, which together provide water to the ONSR.
Also shown are a series of maps which depict the variation of landscape
characteristics relevant to surface-water or ground-water flow to the
ONSR.
-
Contact: Doug Mugel
Phone: 573.308.3667
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Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Ground Water used as a Source
of Public Supply in Southern Missouri—Phase I, May 1997–March 1998
-
-
Missouri is widely dependent on ground water as a source of drinking
water for its public-water systems, businesses, farms, and rural homes.
Ninety-five percent of the public-water systems in the State depend
on ground water, and about 3,700 public-water-supply (PWS) wells are
located within the State (fig. 1). Historically, water provided from
the deep bedrock aquifers in the Ozark Plateaus (most of the southern
one-half of Missouri) generally has been free of total and fecal coliform
bacterial contamination. Years of bacteriological monitoring have confirmed
that water drawn from properly constructed wells in this area is generally
free of total and fecal coliform bacteria (Kenneth Duzan, Missouri Department
of Natural Resources, written commun., 1997).
-
During 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey,
in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division
of Environmental Quality, Public Drinking Water Program, has completed
a two-phase study to characterize the microbiological and chemical quality
of ground water in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system, which underlies
the Ozark Plateaus region. During Phase I of the study, 109 public-water-supply
wells were sampled in water year 1997 and again in water year 1998.
Samples from each well were analyzed for the following microbiological
species—total human enteric viruses, male-specific and somatic coliphage,
and fecal indicator bacteria. In addition, samples were collected and
analyzed for physical properties and chemical constituents, such as
nutrients, total organic carbon, and tritium, that may serve as indicators
of possible surficial sources of contamination of the aquifer.
-
- The microbiological data indicate that microbiological contamination
at public-water-supply wells in the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system is
not widespread. A relatively small percentage of the wells show contamination
by potentially pathogenic viruses or other pathogen indicator organisms.
Of the 109 wells sampled during the first round, 94 (86 percent) showed
no presence of microbiological contamination. Human enteric viruses
were present in a sample from 1 of the 109 wells at a concentration
of 2.1 most probable number per 100 liters; coliphage were observed
in samples from 11 of the 109 wells at concentrations ranging from 38
to 2,600 plaque forming units per 100 liters; and fecal indicator bacteria
were observed at small densities in samples from 3 wells. Of the 109
wells sampled during the second round, 98 (90 percent) showed no presence
of microbiological contamination, coliphage were present in samples
from 3 wells at concentrations ranging from 41 to 78 plaque forming
units per 100 liters, and fecal indicator bacteria were observed in
samples from 8 wells at densities ranging from 15 to 50 colonies per
100 milliliters. Results varied considerably between the first and second
rounds of sampling, and no apparent correlation exists between the presence
of enteric viruses and coliphage or indicator bacteria.
-
Contact: Jerri Davis
Phone: 573.308.3667
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Simulation Of Ground-Water Withdrawals From The Ozark Aquifer Near Springfield,
Missouri
-
-
 A
study of the water resources of the Springfield, Missouri, area in the
1970s determined that a cone of depression, formed by ground-water pumping,
had developed in the Ozark aquifer beneath the city (Emmett and others,
1978). Continued ground-water usage in the 1970s and 1980s caused concern
that ground-water resources would not be sufficient to meet the future
needs of Springfield, Missouri, during periods of drought. As a result,
a ground-water flow model of the Springfield area was developed by the
U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) to assess the future role of ground water
as a water source for the area (Imes, 1989). Results of the USGS model
led to a decision by the City Utilities of Springfield to primarily
rely on surface water from Stockton Lake as a source of city drinking
water. Municipal and industrial ground-water usage continues in Springfield,
but at lower rates than previously experienced (Jim Vandike, Missouri
Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2007).
-
Rapid growth in the area has caused commercial,
industrial, and domestic water use to increase. Population growth has
been especially rapid in Nixa, Ozark, and Republic, and water use in
the vicinity of these cities has grown an estimated 39 percent since
1990 (Dintelmann and others, 2006). Unlike Springfield, ground water
is the primary source of water for these cities. The increased stress
on the Ozark aquifer, the primary aquifer in the study area, has raised
new concerns about possible further water-level declines in the areas
of increased ground-water use. Although there continues to be new development
in the Ozark aquifer, since 1987 no new water-supply wells that produce
water from the Springfield Plateau aquifer have been allowed to be constructed
in most of Greene and northern Christian counties (Jim Vandike, Missouri
Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2007). There is concern
that if the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer continues to
decline, increased leakage of contaminants into the Ozark aquifer from
the overlying Springfield Plateau aquifer could occur (Jim Vandike,
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2007).
-
To address concerns about water ground-water quantity
and quality, in 2006, the USGS, in cooperation with Greene County, Missouri,
and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, began a 4 year study to
construct a 3-D ground-water flow model for Greene County and pasts
of adjacent counties in southwestern Missouri. As part of this study,
a potentiometric map of the Ozark aquifer for 2006-2007 was constructed
in conjunction with the with Greene County, Missouri, the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.
The map can be compared to previously constructed potentiometric-surface
maps for are area to evaluate changes in ground-water flow directions.
The ground-water modeling project will be completed in early federal
fiscal year 2010.
-
Contact: Joe Richards
Phone: 573.308.3667
|
U.S. Department of the Interior |
U.S. Geological Survey
